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X-ray structure analysis |
| X-ray diffraction (XRD) : | enables
you to rapidly identify crystalline substances by reflecting X-rays
from powderized materials. The angles at which the diffracted X-rays
can be recorded (= diffraction pattern) allow for the identification
of the substances. In addition, the crystalline modification of
the substance, its composition, the symmetry and the lattice constants
of the crystals become accessible. Anton Paar provides attachments
for these investigations at non-ambient temperatures (-190°C
to 2300°C) and under various atmospheres. Almost any particle in contact with a liquid acquires an electrical surface charge, as do macroscopic solids. While electrophoresis is commonly used to investigate the particle/liquid interaction of dispersions, the method of streaming potential gives insight into the interfacial charge and the adsorption properties of solid materials. In both cases, the relative movement between the solid and the liquid phases reveal the zeta potential. |
| Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) | is the method
of choice when the structures of two-component systems (colloids)
have to be investigated. X-rays are scattered into all directions
when they penetrate matter with inhomogeneities (nano-particles)
and especially towards small angles when the particles are large
compared to the wavelength of the X-rays. The resulting scattering
patterns are indicative of the shape and the size of these inhomogeneities.
The surface-to-volume ratio of the internal structure of the materials
can also be determined from this. With the SAXSess system, Anton
Paar provides a state-of-the-art instrument for investigating nano-structured
liquids and solid-film samples between -30°C and 300°C.
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